Part II: presentation,diagnosis, classification,treatment, and prevention of stress fractures in female athletes

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Stress fractures (SFx) occur as the result of repetitive loads over short periods of time, which leads to micro-damage of the bone through cortical resorption, ultimately leading to fracture. They are a common injury in female athletes and often cause significant morbidity. The goal of this study is to review the presentation, diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prevention of SFx in female athletes.

Results: A thorough history, physical exam, and appropriate imaging can facilitate early diagnosis of stress fracture (SFx) and faster resolution of symptoms with more conservative management. The female athlete triad is an especially important factor that contributes to the increased risk of SFx in females. The continuum of stress injuries ranges from mild microfailure to complete fracture, which has resulted in the development of newer grading schemas through MRI and radiographic findings. Stress fractures are also classified as low- or high-risk according to anatomic location, as blood supply and applied forces at different locations affect the likelihood of fracture propagation, displacement, delayed union, or non-union.

Conclusions: The ability to screen for at-risk athletes is paramount in preventing SFx. Recognition and prompt treatment of the female athlete triad requires a multidisciplinary approach in order to restore energy balance, correct menstrual irregularities, and improve bone health. This review provides a basis for understanding how to identify and treat stress fractures, which may allow treating physicians to diagnose this condition earlier and minimize any associated morbidity.     

Gait analysis of patients with distal radius fracture by using a novel laser Timed Up-and-Go system

BackgroundPostmenopausal women are at risk of fall and fracture with the physical decline. Distal radius fracture (DRF) is considered as the primary fragility fracture, and women with this fracture showed poor results in the usual Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) test, indicating a decline in balance and physical ability. The detailed physical characteristics of female DRF patients have not been extensively examined.Research questionIs the novel laser TUG system able to detect and analyze the detailed gait characteristics in patients with DRF whose physical ability has tended to decline?MethodsIn this cross-sectional case control study, the gait characteristics of 32 female patients with DRF who had undergone surgery were evaluated at 2 weeks postoperatively with a laser TUG system to analyze the detailed leg motion during normal TUG test. Forty-three age- and sex-matched non-fractured women were evaluated by the laser TUG system as controls. Lifestyle and present illness were corrected at the time of TUG measurement. Detailed data during laser TUG in both groups were compared statistically, and odds ratio and thread shod of the fracture was elucidated through a logistic regression analysis.ResultsDRF patients showed slower speed and had to do more steps to complete the TUG test. Furthermore, asymmetric trajectory and significantly further distance from the marker were observed. Thirteen steps to complete the TUG test was the thread shod of DRF.SignificanceDetailed gait characteristics of patients with DRF were detected by the laser TUG system. The gait decline and abnormality could be one of the reasons of consecutive fragility fracture. To prevent secondary fragility fractures, this system can be useful for screening.     

关节镜辅助下球囊扩张成形术治疗中重度营养不良跟骨关节内骨折

目的 分析关节镜辅助下球囊扩张成形术治疗中重度营养不良跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2014年3月至2017年2月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第910医院骨科收治的跟骨关节内骨折患者55例。其中，男14例，女41例; 年龄47 ～ 76岁，平均（61.2±8.7）岁; 骨折Sanders分型: Ⅱ型12例，Ⅲ型17例，Ⅳ型26例。营养不良程度：中度40例，重度15例; 跟骨骨密度T值-5.2 ～ -2.7，平均-（4.1±0.6）。根据手术方式分为“关节镜+球囊”组15例、单纯球囊组12例、螺钉组8例和钢板组20例。记录手术时间、术中术后出血量、住院时间、术后B?hler角和Gissane角、各时间点关节面塌陷高度及各时间点VAS评分和AOFAS评分。结果 “关节镜+球囊”组手术时间长于单纯球囊组和螺钉组（P<0.01），但低于钢板组（P<0.01）；而术中、术后出血量和住院时间方面，与单纯球囊组、螺钉组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），但低于钢板组（P<0.01）。“关节镜+球囊”组和单纯球囊组各时间点的VAS评分和AOFAS评分比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）; 但“关节镜+球囊组”、单纯球囊组与螺钉组、钢板组比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。四组间术后B?hler角和Gissane角比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。在术后6、12、24个月时“关节镜+球囊”组和单纯球囊组比较关节面塌陷高度比较，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）; 螺钉组和钢板组关节面塌陷高度比较，差异也无统计学意义（P>0.05）; 但“关节镜+球囊”组与螺钉组、钢板组，单纯球囊组与螺钉组、钢板组关节面塌陷高度比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 关节镜辅助下球囊扩张成形术治疗中重度营养不良跟骨关节内骨折，具有操作简单、安全、康复期短的优点，值得临床推广。     

颅脑外伤性癫痫发病的危险因素分析

目的探讨颅脑外伤性癫痫(PTE)发病的危险因素。方法选取我院神经外科2016年1月至2019年10月收治的120例颅脑外伤患者,既往均有癫痫史,分为PTE组和非PTE组各60例。分析两组的临床因素,采用Logistic回归分析PTE发病的危险因素。结果单因素分析结果显示,PTE发病与年龄、严重程度(GCS)、受伤部位、凹陷性颅骨骨折相关(P <0.05),与性别、蛛网膜下腔出血无相关性(P>0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄(OR=0.652, 95%CI:1.246~2.419),严重程度(GCS)(OR=2.041, 95%CI:1.394~4.842)、受伤部位(OR=1.642, 95%CI:2.105~4.378)、凹陷性颅骨骨折(OR=6.548, 95%CI:1.541~3.547)为PTE发病的影响因素。结论年龄、严重程度(GCS)、受伤部位、凹陷性颅骨骨折为PTE发病的影响因素,临床中应针对PTE发病因素进行预防和及时治疗,以提高临床疗效和预后。     

Surgeon case volume and the risk of complications following surgeries of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fracture

PurposeThis study aimed to address the relationship between surgeon volume and the risk of complications following surgeries of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures (DIACFs).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records and the follow-up registers for patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation with plate/screws in our center between January 2015 and June 2020. Surgeon volume was defined as the number of surgically treated calcaneal fractures within the past 12 months, and was dichotomized on basis of the optimal cut-off value. The outcome measure was the documented overall complications within 1 year after surgery. Four logistics regression models were constructed to examine the potential relationship between surgeon volume and complications.ResultsAmong 585 patients, 49 had documented complications, representing an overall rate of 8.4%. The overall complication rate was 20.0% (22/111) in patients operated on by the low-volume surgeons and 5.7% (27/474) by the high-volume surgeons, with a significant difference (p < 0.001). The 4 multivariate analyses showed steady and robust inverse volume-complication relationship, with OR ranging from 3.8 to 4.4. The restricted cubic splines adjusted for total covariates showed the non-linear fitting “L-shape” or “reverse J-shape” curve (p = 0.041), and the OR was reduced until 10 cases, beyond which the curve leveled.ConclusionsOur findings reflected the important role of maintaining necessary operative cases, potentially informing optimized surgical care management.     

Total Hip Arthroplasty After Prior Acetabular Fracture: Infection Is a Real Concern

BackgroundAcetabular fractures often require surgical intervention for fracture fixation and can result in premature osteoarthritis of the hip joint. This study hypothesized that total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with a prior acetabular fracture who had undergone open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) is associated with a higher rate of subsequent periprosthetic joint infection (PJI).MethodsAbout 72 patients with a history of acetabular fracture that required ORIF, undergoing conversion THA between 2000 and 2017 at our institution, were matched based on age, gender, body mass index, Charlson comorbidity index, and date of surgery in a 1:3 ratio with 215 patients receiving primary THA. The mean follow-up for the conversion THA cohort was 2.9 years (range, 1-12.15) and 3.06 years (range, 1-12.96) for the primary THA.ResultsPatients with a previous acetabular fracture, compared with the primary THA patients, had longer operative times, greater operative blood loss, and an increased need for allogeneic blood transfusion (26.4% vs 4.7%). Most notably, PJI rate was significantly higher in acetabular fracture group at 6.9% compared with 0.5% in the control group. Complications, such as aseptic revision, venous thromboembolism, and mortality, were similar between both groups.ConclusionThe present study demonstrates that conversion THA in patients with prior ORIF of acetabular fractures is associated with higher complication rate, in particular PJI, and less optimal outcome compared with patients undergoing primary THA. The latter findings compel us to seek and implement specific strategies that aim to reduce the risk of subsequent PJI in these patients.     

High Incidence of Intraoperative Fractures With a Specific Cemented Stem Following Intracapsular Displaced Hip Fracture

BackgroundTo reduce costs of orthopedic implants, the government decided to standardize implants used across different specialties in a group of hospitals located in the same geographic area. The usual cemented stem used in the context of intracapsular displaced geriatric hip fractures was replaced by another stem. Abnormal intraoperative calcar and trochanteric fractures were noted. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence of intraoperative periprosthetic fractures following an intracapsular displaced hip fracture treated with this specific cemented stem compared to the previous implant.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study comparing an historic cohort of hip fractures treated with the OmniFit EON (Stryker, Kalamazoo, MI) cemented stem with a new cohort of patients who received the Corail (DePuy Synthes, Warsaw, IN) cemented stem. Four orthopedic surgeons reviewed operative reports and postoperative radiographs.ResultsThe treatment group included 348 patients who received the Corail stem. The control group included 77 patients. The 2 groups had similar baseline characteristics (P > .05) except for the presence of dementia. Incidence of intraoperative calcar or greater trochanteric fracture was 15.5% for the Corail group and 2.7% for the control group (P < .05). No patient-related factors or surgeon-related factors were related to a higher number of fractures in the treatment group (P > .05).ConclusionThe Corail cemented stem presents an abnormal number of iatrogenic intraoperative fractures following displaced femoral neck fracture in our geriatric population. No external factor seems to explain this high number of fractures. Implant design should be questioned.Level of EvidenceIII.